In an earlier post, we walked through method for plotting the fitted lines from models fit with multiply-imputed data. In this post, we’ll discuss another neglected topic: How might one compute standardized regression coefficients from models fit with multiply-imputed data?
This is a follow-up to my earlier post, Notes on the Bayesian cumulative probit. This time, the topic we’re addressing is: After you fit a full multilevel Bayesian cumulative probit model of several Likert-type items from a multi-item questionnaire, how can you use the model to compute an effect size in the sum-score metric?
I’ve been thinking a lot about how to analyze pre/post control group designs, lately. Happily, others have thought a lot about this topic, too. The goal of this post is to introduce the change-score and ANCOVA models, introduce their multilevel-model counterparts, and compare their behavior in a couple quick simulation studies. Spoiler alert: The multilevel variant of the ANCOVA model is the winner.
In an earlier post, I gave an example of what a power analysis report could look like for a multilevel model. At my day job, I was recently asked for a rush-job power analysis that required a multilevel model of a different kind and it seemed like a good opportunity to share another example.
In this post, I have reformatted my personal notes into something of a tutorial on the Bayesian cumulative probit model. Using a single psychometric data set, we explore a variety of models, starting with the simplest single-level thresholds-only model and ending with a conditional multilevel distributional model.
You’re an R user and just fit a nice multilevel model to some grouped data and you’d like to showcase the results in a plot. In your plots, it would be ideal to express the model uncertainty with 95% interval bands. If you’re a frequentist and like using the popular lme4 package, you might be surprised how difficult it is to get those 95% intervals. I recently stumbled upon a solution with the emmeans package, and the purpose of this blog post is to show you how it works.
After tremendous help from Henrik Singmann and Mattan Ben-Shachar, I finally have two (!) workflows for conditional logistic models with brms. These workflows are on track to make it into the next update of my ebook translation of Kruschke’s text. But these models are new to me and I’m not entirely confident I’ve walked them out properly. The goal of this blog post is to present a draft of my workflow, which will eventually make it’s way into Chapter 22 of the ebook.
If you’re an R user and like multiple imputation for missing data, you probably know all about the mice package. The bummer is there are no built-in ways to plot the fitted lines from models fit from multiply-imputed data using van Buuren’s mice-oriented workflow. However, there is a way to plot your fitted lines by hand and in this blog post I’ll show you how.
The major shortcoming in typical logistic regression line plots is they usually don’t show the data due to overplottong across the y-axis. Happily, new developments with Matthew Kay’s ggdist package make it easy to show your data when you plot your logistic regression curves. In this post I’ll show you how.
Say you have 2-timepoint RCT, where participants received either treatment or control. Even in the best of scenarios, you’ll probably have some dropout in those post-treatment data. To get the full benefit of your data, you can use one-step Bayesian imputation when you compute your effect sizes. In this post, I’ll show you how.
It turns out that you can use random effects on cross-sectional count data. Yes, that’s right. Each count gets its own random effect. Some people call this observation-level random effects and it can be a tricky way to handle overdispersion. The purpose of this post is to show how to do this and to try to make sense of what it even means.
If you plan to analyze your data with anything more complicated than a t-test, the power analysis phase gets tricky. I’m willing to bet that most applied researchers have never done a power analysis for a multilevel model and probably have never seen what one might look like, either. The purpose of this post is to give a real-world example of just such an analysis.
The purpose of this blog post is to show how one might make ICC and IIC plots for brms IRT models using general-purpose data wrangling steps.
When your MCMC chains look a mess, you might have to manually set your initial values. If you’re a fancy pants, you can use a custom function.
Just this past week, I learned that, Yes, you can fit an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with lavaan. The purpose of this blog post is to make EFAs with lavaan even more accessible and web searchable by walking through a quick example.
The purpose of this post is to highlight some of the steps I took to rebuild my academic-style blogdown website. At a minimum, I’m hoping this post will help me better understand how to set up my website the next time it needs an overhaul. Perhaps it will be of some help to you, too.
This post is the second of a two-part series. In the first post, we explored how one might compute an effect size for two-group experimental data with only 2 time points. In this second post, we fulfill our goal to show how to generalize this framework to experimental data collected over 3+ time points. The data and overall framework come from Feingold (2009).
The purpose of this series is to show how to compute a Cohen’s-d type effect size when you have longitudinal data on 3+ time points for two experimental groups. In this first post, we’ll warm up with the basics. In the second post, we’ll get down to business. The data and overall framework come from Feingold (2009).
I recently came across Jeffrey Walker’s free text, Elements of statistical modeling for experimental biology, which contains a nice chapter on 2-timepoint experimental designs. Inspired by his work, this post aims to explore how one might analyze non-experimental 2-timepoint data within a regression model paradigm. Turns out you probably have more options than you realized.
PhD candidate Huaiyu Liu recently reached out with a question about how to analyze clustered data. Like any good question, this one got my gears turning. Thanks, Liu! The purpose of this post will be to show how to model clustered data in two different ways.
This is an early draft of my second attempt at explaining the connection between meta-analyses and the Bayesian multilevel model. This time, we focus on odds ratios. Enjoy!
You too can make Kruschke-style model diagrams with the tidyverse and patchwork packages. Here’s how.
When you have a time-varying covariate you’d like to add to a multilevel growth model, it’s important to break that variable into two. One part of the variable will account for within-person variation. The other part will account for between person variation. Keep reading to learn how you might do so when your time-varying covariate is binary.
When people conclude results from group-level data will tell you about individual-level processes, they commit the ecological fallacy. This is true even of the individuals whose data contributed to those group-level results. This phenomenon can seem odd and counterintuitive. Keep reading to improve your intuition.
If you are under the impression group-level data and group-based data analysis will inform you about within-person processes, you would be wrong. Stick around to learn why.
Binary data are a little weird. In this post, we’ll focus on how to perform power simulations when using the binomial likelihood to model binary counts.
Data analysts need more than the Gauss. In this post, we’ll focus on how to perform power simulations when using the Poisson likelihood to model counts.
When researchers decide on a sample size for an upcoming project, there are more things to consider than null-hypothesis-oriented power. Bayesian researchers might like to frame their concerns in terms of precision. Stick around to learn what and how.
\(H_0\) with simulation.If you’d like to learn how to do Bayesian power calculations using brms, stick around for this multi-part blog series. Here with part I, we’ll set the foundation.
In response to a DM question, here we practice a few different ways you can combine the posterior samples from your Bayesian models into a single plot.
In many instances, partial pooling leads to better estimates than taking simple averages will, a finding sometimes called Stein’s Paradox. In 1977, Efron and Morris published a great paper discussing the phenomenon. In this post, I’ll walk out Efron and Morris’s baseball example and then link it to contemporary Bayesian multilevel models.
There’s more than one way to fit a Bayesian correlation in brms. Here we explore a few.
\(t\))In this post, we’ll show how Student’s t-distribution can produce better correlation estimates when your data have outliers. As is often the case, we’ll do so as Bayesians.
\(t\)-DistributionThe purpose of this post is to demonstrate the advantages of the Student’s t-distribution for regression with outliers, particularly within a Bayesian framework.
You too can make sideways Gaussian density curves within the tidyverse. Here’s how.
This is an early draft of my first attempt at explaining the connection between meta-analyses and the Bayesian multilevel model. Enjoy!
The purpose of this post is to give readers a sense of how I used bookdown to make my first ebooks. I propose there are three fundamental skill sets you need basic fluency in before playing with bookdown: (a) R and R Studio, (b) scripts and R Markdown files, and (c) Git and GitHub.